Fundamentals of Experimental Phonetics

• Japanese Sound
  
  • Japanese Vowels
    /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/
    
    
  • Japanese Semivowels
    /j/, /w/
    
    
  • Japanese Consonants
    Voiced consonants: /m/, /n/, /r/, /b/, /d/,/d/, /g/, /z/
    Unvoiced consonants: /h/, /s/,/c/, /p/, /t/, /k/
    Syllabic nasal: /N/
    Choked sound: /Q/
    
    
  • Japanese Syllables
    [[C][Y]]V | N | Q | R
    for examples: /a/, /ka/, /ja/, /wa/, /kja/, /N/, /Q/
    　　　　　　　あ　　か　　や　　わ　　きゃ　ん　　っ
    　　　　　　　ア　　カ　　ヤ　　ワ　　キャ　ン　　ッ
    
  
  
• Visible Speech
  
  • Spectrogram (Sonagram)
    Spectrogram(Bottom box: gray scale)
    (Equipment: digital sound spectrograph, Mode: wide band)
    
  • Speech Waveform (Top box: black line)
    
  • Speech Power (Top box: blue line)
    
  • Zero Crossing Rate (Top box: violet line)
    
  time = frame * period(2ms)
  
  
• Acoustic Features for Speech in a Frame
  
  • Formant Frequency
    Resonance frequency of vocal tract
    
    • F1: First Formant Frequency
      
    • F2: Second Formant Frequency
      
    • F3: Third Formant Frequency
      
    • F4: Forth Formant Frequency
      
    • F5: Fifth Formant Frequency
      
  • Bandwidth Frequency
    
    • B1: Bandwidth Frequency of First Formant
      
    • B2: Bandwidth Frequency of Second Formant
      
    • B3: Bandwidth Frequency of Third Formant
      
    • B4: Bandwidth Frequency of Forth Formant
      
    • B5: Bandwidth Frequency of Fifth Formant
      
  • Speech Waveform (Top box: black line)
    
  • LPC Power Spectrum (Bottom box: red line)
    
  • Fourier Power Spectrum (Bottom box: blue line)
    
    
• Acoustic Features for Speech in a Time Locus
  
  • Speech Waveform
    (Top box: black line)
    
  • Fundamental Frequency
    Notation: F0, Unit: Hz(Second box: red cross)
    
  • Speech Power per Frame
    Notation: PW, Unit: dB(decibel), Intensity (Third box: blue line)
    
  • Zero-crossing Rate per Frame
    Notation: ZC, Unit: counts(Third box: violet line)
    
  • Formant Locus (Bottom box: black line)
    time = frame * period(10ms)
    
  
  
• Physical and Perceptual Sound
  

  Physical Sound	Perceptual Sound
  Speech Power, Intensity (dB)	Loudness
  Fundamental Frequency F0 (Hz)	Pitch Frequency

  
  
• Mean Values of Formant Frequencies for Japanese Isolated Vowels Uttered by 10 Male Speakers
  

  Vowel	F1(Hz)	F2(Hz)	F3(Hz)
  /a/	780	1200	2520
  /i/	310	2300	3080
  /u/	330	1120	2350
  /e/	470	2040	2550
  /o/	420	710	2530

  
  
• Vowels in F1-F2 plane(Clickable Map)
  Please click one of 5 circles for hearing vowel sound.
  
  
• Focus, Accent and Intonation
  F0: Fundamental Frequency
  stress accent, intensity accent
  
  
• Devocalization
  The acoustic feature of voweles(/i/ and /u/) in the conditions of following contexts and accent-less is unvoiced.
  

  preceding phoneme	succeeding phoneme
  Unvoiced consonants	Unvoiced consonant
  Unvoced consonants	tail of word

  
  Example words are /aki/, /kiku/, /susu/ and etc.
  
  
• Dialect
  
  • Zuzu-ben
    [si, su, sju] - > [su], [zi, zu, zju] - > [zu]
  
  
• Acoustic Analysis
  
  • PASTE (Free and Public Acoustic Analysis System for Speech Signal Using Techniques of E-mail and Web)
    
    
  • Fundamentals of Analysis(in Japanese)
    
    
  • FFT
    Analysis Using Fast Fourier Transformation
  • LPC
    Analysis Using Method of Linear Predictive Coding(LPC)
  • A-b-S
    Analysis-by-Synthesis